Chinese standardization management system, new standard system and international standardization

1. Chinese standardization management system and new standard system

1.1 Chinese Standardization Management System

According to the "Standardization Law", China's standardization work implements a management system of "unified management and division of labor and responsibility". "Unified management" refers to the unified management of standardization work by the government's standardization administrative department. Specifically, the standardization administrative department of the State Council uniformly manages the national standardization work; the local standardization administrative department at or above the county level uniformly manages the standardization work within its administrative area. In order to strengthen the unified management, the State Council established the inter-ministerial joint meeting system for standardization coordination and promotion, with the leaders in charge of the State Council serving as the convener. The local people's governments at or above the city level divided into districts may also establish a standardization coordination and promotion mechanism according to the needs of their work, and coordinate the major issues of standardization work within their respective administrative regions. "Division of labor and responsibility" means that the relevant administrative departments of the government are responsible for the standardization work of their own departments and industries according to the division of responsibilities. Specifically, the relevant administrative departments of the State Council are responsible for the standardization work of their own departments and industries, and the relevant administrative departments at or above the county level are responsible for the standardization work of their own departments and industries within their respective administrative regions.

1.2 New standard system

Through the standardization reform, China has established a new standard system in which the standards formulated by the government and the standards independently formulated by the market are coordinated and matched. The system consists of five levels of standards, namely national standards, industry standards, local standards, group standards and enterprise standards. Among them, national standards, industry standards and local standards belong to the standards formulated by the government, and group standards and enterprise standards belong to the standards independently formulated by the market.

National standard. Technical requirements that need to be unified across the country should be formulated as national standards. National standards are formulated and promulgated uniformly by the standardization administrative department of the State Council. According to the standard effect, national standards are divided into two types: mandatory and recommended. Mandatory national standards are formulated by the government, mainly to protect personal health and safety of life and property, national security, and ecological environment security. Once a mandatory national standard is issued, it must be implemented. Recommended national standards are formulated by government organizations, and are mainly positioned as basic general standards, supporting standards with mandatory national standards, and standards that play a leading role in the development of the industry. Recommended national standards are encouraged to be adopted by all sectors of society. By the end of 2018, there were 36,949 national standards and 1,439 national standard samples. Among the national standards, there are 2,111 mandatory standards, 34,464 recommended standards, and 374 guiding technical documents.

Industry standards: For technical requirements that do not have national standards and need to be unified within a certain industry across the country, industry standards can be formulated. Industry standards are formulated and promulgated by ministries and commissions of the State Council, and after promulgation, they must be filed with the standardization administrative department of the State Council. Industry standards are recommended standards. As of the end of 2018, there were 67 industry standards in China, and 61,854 industry standards were filed.

Local standards: The focus of local standards development is the special technical requirements related to local natural conditions and customs. Local standards are formulated and promulgated by the standardization administrative departments at the provincial and district-level municipalities, and must be filed with the standardization administrative department under the State Council after they are issued. Local standards are only implemented within the administrative region and are also recommended standards. By the end of 2018, there were 37,066 local standards filed in China.

Team standard. Group standards are formulated and issued by legally registered social groups such as societies, associations, chambers of commerce, federations, and industrial technology alliances. Any technical requirements that meet the needs of the market and innovation can be formulated as group standards. The group standards are adopted by agreement among the members of the group, or are voluntarily adopted by all parties in the society in accordance with the regulations of the group. As of the end of June 2019, there were 8,818 group standards in China, and a total of 2,470 social groups that set standards.

Enterprise standards. Enterprise standards are formulated by enterprises according to their own needs, or jointly formulated with other enterprises. The state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are higher than the relevant technical requirements of the recommended standards. Enterprise standards are used within the enterprise, but the standards involved in the products or services provided externally are regarded as the enterprise's quality commitment to the market and consumers. As of the end of June 2019, enterprises have self-declared about 1.07 million public standards through the unified platform.

The subject and procedure of national standard formulation and revision

The main force for the formulation and revision of national standards is the National Professional Standardization Technical Committee, also known as "TC". Some people vividly liken the technical committee to the "production workshop" of national standards. According to the regulations, the technical committee is a technical organization approved by the National Standardization Administration and engaged in national standardization work in a certain professional field. It is mainly responsible for the standardization work such as the drafting of national standards and technical review. Technical committees with broad areas of expertise may have sub-technical committees, also known as "SCs". As of the end of June 2019, China had a total of 1,307 professional standardization technical committees and sub-technical committees, covering all aspects of national economic and social development. The members of the technical committee come from representatives of the government, industry associations, enterprises, testing institutions, research institutes, colleges and universities and consumers. At present, there are nearly 50,000 members, including 129 academicians of the two academies.

The procedures for formulating and revising national standards are divided into nine stages, including pre-research, project establishment, drafting, solicitation of opinions, review, release, publication, review, and abolition. China's national standard formulation and revision procedures are basically the same as those of ISO and IEC international standards.

2. International Standardization

International and Regional Standards Organization.

The three most influential international standards organizations in the world are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ISO is the world's largest and most authoritative international standardization organization, responsible for international standards in various fields such as industry, agriculture, service industry and social management (except IEC and ITU). The total amount accounts for 98% of the world, and it is called the "United Nations of Technology".

Founded in 1906, IEC has a history of more than 110 years and is responsible for formulating and publishing international standards and conformity assessment procedures in the electrical and electronic fields.

ITU is the United Nations specialized agency in charge of information and communication technology affairs. It is also an international organization with the longest history among the United Nations agencies. It was founded in 1865 and has 193 member states.

Up to now, the three major international standards organizations have issued more than 32,000 international standards, which are widely adopted by countries around the world. They play an important fundamental and strategic role in promoting global economic and trade exchanges, supporting industrial development, promoting scientific and technological progress, and regulating social governance. effect.

The development trend of national standard standardization

First, especially developed countries, attach great importance to international standardization. In the context of world multi-polarization, economic globalization, and sustained low-speed economic growth, developed countries have formulated and implemented national standard strategies centered on controlling and competing for the commanding heights of international standards, and coordinated diplomatic, political, economic, and aid means. Seize the commanding heights of international standards, maintain and enhance national competitiveness, and ensure its own economic interests and security.

Second, international standards continue to expand to the social field. International standards appear to go beyond the traditional field and expand to the social field. For example, ISO has successively formulated international standards in the fields of social responsibility, organizational governance, government effectiveness, sustainable urban development, anti-bribery, audit management, and protection of labor rights and interests, which have profoundly affected the political, economic and social development of various countries. China attaches great importance to the expansion of international standards into the social field. 22 ministries and commissions have jointly participated in the formulation of social responsibility standards, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has taken the lead in the formulation of anti-bribery standards, and the National Audit Office has led the formulation of international standards for audit management.

Third, international standards pay more attention to the development of emerging industries. With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the three major international standards organizations ISO, IEC and ITU have all attached great importance to the standardization of fields related to the technological revolution and industrial transformation, and jointly determined the theme of the 2018 World Standards Day as "International Standards and the Fourth The Industrial Revolution". ISO has established an intelligent manufacturing strategy group, IEC has established an intelligent manufacturing evaluation group, and jointly established an ISO/IEC intelligent manufacturing roadmap task force. Germany released the 3rd edition of the "Industry 4.0 Standardization Roadmap". The United States released version 2.0 of the "Additive Manufacturing Standardization Roadmap" to accelerate the formulation of standards for emerging industries

China's participation in international standardization activities

First, the status of China's international standardization activities has been significantly improved. In recent years, China has successively become a permanent member of ISO and IEC as well as a permanent member of ISO Technical Management Bureau. In 2014, Mr. Zhang Xiaogang, general manager of Chinese expert Anshan Iron and Steel Group, was elected as the chairman of ISO, and Mr. Shu Yinbiao, chairman of Huaneng Group, was elected as chairman of IEC in 2018. China Expert Mr. Zhao Houlin is currently the Secretary-General of ITU, and the three major international standards organizations have Chinese people in the highest leadership positions.

In terms of leadership positions in ISO technical organizations, since 2002, the number of chairpersons of ISO/IEC technical organizations undertaken by China has increased from 3 to 70; the number of secretariats has increased from 6 to 88. In 2016, China successfully hosted the 39th ISO Conference. This year, China will also host the 83rd IEC Conference.

Second, the "circle of friends" of China's international standards activities continues to expand. China has signed 85 cooperation agreements with standardization agencies in 49 countries and regions, covering major trading partners in Europe, America, Asia and Oceania; and signed 11 cooperation documents with 9 countries and regions. Through the bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms established with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, Northeast Asia, the European Union and South Asia, it has promoted the development of professional fields such as electric vehicles, smart manufacturing, smart cities, agri-food, railways, elderly economy, and graphene. global cooperation. At the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, China and 12 countries along the route, including Russia, Kazakhstan and Greece, signed the Joint Initiative on Strengthening Standard Cooperation and Jointly Building the Belt and Road Initiative.

Third, China actively leads the formulation and revision of international standards. Leading and participating in the formulation of a series of international standards in the fields of metallurgy, non-ferrous metals, ships, marine, light industry, textiles, machinery and equipment, energy conservation and environmental protection, information technology, power electronics, energy, materials, biotechnology, social management and public services revision work. Since 2002, the number of international standards proposed and formulated by China has increased from 18 to 583. In the past two years, China has submitted more than 200 international standard projects to ISO/IEC, and has become one of the countries with the most international standard proposals for many years.

Fourth, the overseas application of Chinese standards continues to expand. China, the national standardization agencies of the United Kingdom and France jointly released the list of mutual recognition of Chinese-English and Chinese-French standards, realizing the mutual recognition of more than 60 standards; 39 Chinese standards in the fields of food and energy have been adopted by Mongolia as national standards in the form of double numbers. Standards; 240 Chinese standards have been registered and approved for use in Turkmenistan; 14 Chinese standards have been adopted by Tajikistan; China is promoting the completion of 445 wide-body airliner standards (including 209 Russian standards and 236 Chinese standards) with Russia. Work. Nine phases of agricultural standardization publicity and implementation training were carried out for Cambodia, Laos and other countries along the Maritime Silk Road, and nearly 100 Chinese standards were promoted and used in agricultural standardization demonstration zones in Southeast Asian countries.